Flood Management in Urban City of DKI
Jakarta
By Yuniarti Wahyuningtiyas
I start to write this article when Jakarta is hit with another flood early this year 2014. I had a hint that there will be another flooding happen in this city and i have given my prediction since early December 2013, but surely at that time, most people were uncertainty that there would not be another flooding happened within series of years. Furthermore, I have written several articles on Flood Management since most of my work experiences were focusing on flood, as I was also one of the certified practitioners on flood management from WMO (World Metereology Organization). In order to understand the flood that continously happens in Jakarta I would elaborate some explanations on the causes of the flood in this area.
Flood Causes in DKI Jakarta Province
DKI Jakarta is one of disaster province in Indonesia. It is well known for
its multi hazards, include: flood, fire, and earthquake. Yet, above all,
flood is the utmost frequent hazard that ever happened in this province,
especially during the rainy season. There are two main causes of this hazards,
as following:
a. Nature Factors
There are several nature factors that underly the cause of flood in DKI
Jakarta, these include:
1. Nearly half of DKI Jakarta Province or around 40% froom the whole area,
which is 650Km², 24.000Ha among them are considered as low lands, for instance
areas in North Jakarta; Sungai Bambu, Papanggo, Warakas, etc, in which the
ground level is lower the sea level. ± 9.000Ha have already well managed by the
Provincial government of DKI Jakarta
2. DKI Jakarta Province is streamed by 13 rivers, include: Cakung,
Jati Kramat, Buaran, Sunter, Cipinang, Baru Timur, Ciliwung, Baru Barat,
Krukut, Grogol, Pesanggrahan, Angke, and Mookervart. All of these rivers are
the primary channel that patch the water flow from the secondary channel/city
drainageyh system
3. DKI Jakarta area contour that is not supporting the drainage system that
even the water flow, so it often causes inundate, and even flood during the
rainy season, particularly in West, North, and East Jakarta, since the water is
not able to flow gravitate.
b. Human Factors
human factors are also
considered as the triggered causes of flood. In Jakarta, the human factors that
contribute in resulting the hazard, include:
1. Lack of community discipline, caused by:
- Illegal settlements that are built along
the rivers, which effected the rivers become narrow
- Lack of people awareness on waste
management, in which they often throw rubbish into the rivers and make the
rivers narrow and hindering the water flows.
2. Physical development that is growing fast
in Jakarta and Bogor that cause the water streaming is bigger than the water
reservoir, and altso the lands that have been built by buildings and concrete.
3. Land subsidence, particularly in north part
of DKI Jakarta, due to major excess of
resource and industrial activities ongoing.
Government Policy in
Flood Management
In
regards to the flood management policy and
program in DKI Jakarta, Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta through its
Governor Decree No 96 Year 2002, set up a Disaster Management and IDPs
Organization and Framework, this Organization known as Satkorlak DKI Jakarta (Disaster
Management and IDPs Coordination Agency). Following the establishment of this
Agency, the authorized Governor at that time, issues the Governor Decree No
1230 Year 2002 that stated DM SOP of DKI Jakarta Province. Based on the SOP,
the appointed Agency that is taking the responsible in carries out this
procedure is Satkorlak PBP DKI Jakarta. This Agency is consisted of provincial
government organizations and civil societies, under supervise of Governor of
DKI Jakarta, in which the Daily Chairman is the Province Secretary. The Decree
also mentions the structure of DM Agency in lower level; include
Municipal/City, District, and Sub-district. Meanwhile for DM Agency in Village
level is arranged based on Decree No 96 Year 2003.
Due to reformation in the DKI Jakarta provincial
government bodies, the role of disaster management was handed over from
Satkorlak PBP to Provincial Fire Brigade in 2009, based on Provincial
Regulation (PERDA) Number 10 Year 2008. Yet, this status only lasted for a
year, which then in 2010, the provincial government set up Provincial BPBD or Region
Disaster Management Agency which is appointed directly to handle and manage the
work and progress on disaster management in DKI Jakarta, following the
establishment of the same body in other provinces throughout the regions.
Shifting Response to
Preparedness-Mitigation
As disaster prone areas and high risks affected, communities of DKI
Jakarta have suffered from multi disasters for many years, particularly them
who live in densely populated area, whereas many socio-economic problems are existed. Based on data from DM
Post of Department of Public Work, for period 2005-2006 (per 31 December 2006),
there were 9 disaster events (4 whirlwinds, 3 floods, 1 landslide, and 1
earthquake) occurred in DKI Jakarta. The effects were: 3 people died, 1210
IDPs, 500 houses inundated, 13 houses collapsed and 75 dykes damaged. Meanwhile, the facts gathered from Bakornas
PBP (now BNPB) and Bappenas (National Development Planning Agency) describe that
at least there were 39 flood events occured within last 7 years past, with the
recent flood in 2007 was as greatest as the ones that happened on 1621, 1654,
1918, 1942, 1976, 1996, and 2002.
The flood event that occured in 2007 inudated nearly 70% of the total areas in Jakarta with water level height reach 20 to 500 cm. The impact of this disaster has affected 80 people died and material loss IDR 5,16 trilion. As for the flood that happened in 2013, it affected 90,582 people (23,675 HH) and inundated 186 villages. Meanwhile for the current flood that happened early this year, has affected 134,662 people (38,672 HH) and inundated 100 villages. Based on the significant number of losses, casualties, and damages, shows that even a megacity such as DKI Jakarta is still weak in term of the government capacities in respond to disasters. Yet, some activities in Provincial level show some improvement of government preparedness, and also increasing of communities’ awareness on disasters, particularly flood.
The flood event that occured in 2007 inudated nearly 70% of the total areas in Jakarta with water level height reach 20 to 500 cm. The impact of this disaster has affected 80 people died and material loss IDR 5,16 trilion. As for the flood that happened in 2013, it affected 90,582 people (23,675 HH) and inundated 186 villages. Meanwhile for the current flood that happened early this year, has affected 134,662 people (38,672 HH) and inundated 100 villages. Based on the significant number of losses, casualties, and damages, shows that even a megacity such as DKI Jakarta is still weak in term of the government capacities in respond to disasters. Yet, some activities in Provincial level show some improvement of government preparedness, and also increasing of communities’ awareness on disasters, particularly flood.
Nevertheless,
the DKI
Jakarta Provincial Government has started to improve its preparedness and
community awareness through its program. One of its example is by organizing an annual
event of Disaster Awareness Week, an event that consists of exhibition,
simulation, workshop and training related to known disasters in this Province,
include: fire, conflict, flood, and earthquake. This event has been held at
least 4 times within last 4 years. Although it considers as a great event, only
a few civil society, include NGOs and Private Sectors that know or participate
in this occasion due to lack of information that is not well informed by the
Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta. The main target of this event itself is
the government agencies in Municipal/City, includes: PMI (Indonesian Red
Cross), Armed Force, Police Department, Fire Brigade, and few NGOs and Private Sectors that are close
relation to the Provincial Government.
Other
flood management program that is developed by the provincial government is the
development of East and West Canal Flood. This is a major structural mitigation project that is believed can solve the problem on flood in Jakarta. This project has been developed by DKI Jakarta Government that led by the Ministry of Public Works since years ago, in 1973 to be exactly. This blue print of the masterplan for drainage and flood control was developed by a Netherland Engineering Consultant, NEDECO that is a close partner of the Ministry of Public Works that have been hired several times to conduct various studies related to flood and drainage system.
The Master Plan for Flood and Drainage System that was produced in 1973 outline several points, as following:
1. The interception of flood flows from all rivers before entering lowland areas by two floodways, the Western Canal Floodway to intercept the flood flows from Krukut, Cideng, Ciliwung, Grogol, Sekretaris, and Angke Rivers. Meanwhile for the East Canal Floodway, it was aimed to intercept all other remaining rivers (Cipinang, Sunter, Buaran, Jatikramat and Cakung). The floodways were planned to contain 100-year floods, i.e. 290-525 m3/sec for the Western Floodway and 101-340 m3/sec for the Eastern Floodway.
2. The areas that are located downstream of these two floodways were divided into six drainage zones covering about 240 km2. Most of the land (about 150 km2) with elevation of less than 2 metres was considered as polders, and the rest treated as gravity drainage areas.
3. The Pumps and reservoirs would release flood water from the polders. The existing old river channels were considered as primary drainage, and designed to contain 25-year floods.
Following the development of this master plan, there are some problems that need to be solved to improve the flood management as well in supporting the successfull of the implementation of this plan, these include:
1. Spatial Planning
The issue on Spatial Planning, mainly consist of the limitation of the availability of green areas due to the rapid growing of infrastructure development. This might be the impact from the weak of building regulation which is inconsistent with the government development blue print. Other issue is on the construction of the flood barriers in the urban setting to reduce the impact of flooding in the community settlement around floodplain.
2. Urban Drainage System
In the context of urban drainage system, there are some elements that influence the effectiveness of it, such as law enforcement of the forest regulation in order to minimize deforestation in the upperstream area in Bogor that unable to control the flood flows to downstream of Jakarta, river basin management which is protection, improvement and sustainable use of the water environment, includes surface freshwaters (lakes, streams and rivers), groundwater, and ecosystem (wetland, estuaries and coastal water), watershed design which include design of drainage from supply, runoff to utilization, solid dumping that caused by human behavior due to lack of awareness on managing waste that caused sedimentation on river, institutional regulation that managing them itself and flood protection standard.
3. Land Subsidence
As for the Land Subsidence, it is one of the major factor that becomes the challenge in managing flood in Jakarta. This factor is influenced by urbanization rate that increases due to economic opportunity in the city and enforcement of ground water due to increasing of water demand and use.
4. Sea Rise
Several factors that make sea rise as part of the challenge for the flood management, are because of the lunar, cycle and tide
5. Institutional
Institutional cause that might also influence the effectiveness of the flood management, such as lack of enforcement of groundwater, building coverage, solid waste collection, insufficient funding, lack of coordination.
6. Governance
In term of governance, we ought to see on the overall aspects, from policy to government officials that are appointed and responsible in managing the flood, this might include BPBD and other officials at province and also national level.
As conclusion of this article, the flood management in Jakarta is not a simple task that can be done within 5 or 10 years from now. As based on historical background, it takes more than 4 decades to build the flood plan itself. Even if the plan is implemented and executed, it will take another decades to maintain the flood control and management. The government as the main actor play significant role in ensuring the flood is well managed and all above challenges can be handled accordingly. Therefore there are 4 aspects that need to be put as priority to fulfill the flood management plan, these include managing the environmental, enforce the legal and institutional, and improving social and economic aspect of the flood. Source of information: APFM, NEDECO and other official resources of information
The Master Plan for Flood and Drainage System that was produced in 1973 outline several points, as following:
1. The interception of flood flows from all rivers before entering lowland areas by two floodways, the Western Canal Floodway to intercept the flood flows from Krukut, Cideng, Ciliwung, Grogol, Sekretaris, and Angke Rivers. Meanwhile for the East Canal Floodway, it was aimed to intercept all other remaining rivers (Cipinang, Sunter, Buaran, Jatikramat and Cakung). The floodways were planned to contain 100-year floods, i.e. 290-525 m3/sec for the Western Floodway and 101-340 m3/sec for the Eastern Floodway.
2. The areas that are located downstream of these two floodways were divided into six drainage zones covering about 240 km2. Most of the land (about 150 km2) with elevation of less than 2 metres was considered as polders, and the rest treated as gravity drainage areas.
3. The Pumps and reservoirs would release flood water from the polders. The existing old river channels were considered as primary drainage, and designed to contain 25-year floods.
Following the development of this master plan, there are some problems that need to be solved to improve the flood management as well in supporting the successfull of the implementation of this plan, these include:
1. Spatial Planning
The issue on Spatial Planning, mainly consist of the limitation of the availability of green areas due to the rapid growing of infrastructure development. This might be the impact from the weak of building regulation which is inconsistent with the government development blue print. Other issue is on the construction of the flood barriers in the urban setting to reduce the impact of flooding in the community settlement around floodplain.
2. Urban Drainage System
In the context of urban drainage system, there are some elements that influence the effectiveness of it, such as law enforcement of the forest regulation in order to minimize deforestation in the upperstream area in Bogor that unable to control the flood flows to downstream of Jakarta, river basin management which is protection, improvement and sustainable use of the water environment, includes surface freshwaters (lakes, streams and rivers), groundwater, and ecosystem (wetland, estuaries and coastal water), watershed design which include design of drainage from supply, runoff to utilization, solid dumping that caused by human behavior due to lack of awareness on managing waste that caused sedimentation on river, institutional regulation that managing them itself and flood protection standard.
3. Land Subsidence
As for the Land Subsidence, it is one of the major factor that becomes the challenge in managing flood in Jakarta. This factor is influenced by urbanization rate that increases due to economic opportunity in the city and enforcement of ground water due to increasing of water demand and use.
4. Sea Rise
Several factors that make sea rise as part of the challenge for the flood management, are because of the lunar, cycle and tide
5. Institutional
Institutional cause that might also influence the effectiveness of the flood management, such as lack of enforcement of groundwater, building coverage, solid waste collection, insufficient funding, lack of coordination.
6. Governance
In term of governance, we ought to see on the overall aspects, from policy to government officials that are appointed and responsible in managing the flood, this might include BPBD and other officials at province and also national level.
As conclusion of this article, the flood management in Jakarta is not a simple task that can be done within 5 or 10 years from now. As based on historical background, it takes more than 4 decades to build the flood plan itself. Even if the plan is implemented and executed, it will take another decades to maintain the flood control and management. The government as the main actor play significant role in ensuring the flood is well managed and all above challenges can be handled accordingly. Therefore there are 4 aspects that need to be put as priority to fulfill the flood management plan, these include managing the environmental, enforce the legal and institutional, and improving social and economic aspect of the flood. Source of information: APFM, NEDECO and other official resources of information
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