Sunday 16 February 2014

Humanitarian Workers and Practitioners, Between Humanity and Professionalism

Humanitarian Workers and Practitioners, Between Humanity and Professionalism
By Yuniarti Wahyuningtyas


For some people that know me well, I am not a typical kind of person who stay working in the same organization for quite some time, instead I keep changing organizations and designations. For others, they might think "she did not get satisfying salary and benefit or she probably involved in internal conflict and unable to cope with the working environment"...Well, they can judge and preassume a lot things about me, but 1 thing for sure and I would like to highlight about this "I keep my idealism high by trying to avoid into conflicts, personal interest and try to do my very best to keep honesty as part of works".  

Working in Humanitarian Sector is definately temptating for most people, imigine how much salary and benefit that they receive, also opportunity for self development, travel outside province or oversea, also a lot doors of happiness and joy are open for them through career development that they build years. But honestly speaking, I notice that more and more of these humanitarian workers or practitioners start to lose their humanity, instead they hide behind the term of "professionalism" to gain more and more money for their own pockets. Even there was a time when 1 of these workers and/or practitioners taught me how to play or game the system or literary speaking abusing the power or authorities to benefit the others in order to secure our jobs or position and also smoothing the project. Or in other word, using criminology term it refers to Fraud or Manipulation.I would say that it was actually shocking me realizing how actually people in line of my work can become so greedy sometimes. Even, this person also explained that it is a professional thing to do paying for other INGOs or UNs workers for their skills and knowledge contribution instead of having the same efforts to build the vision and mission to improve the capacity, reduce risks and other objectives that we, as part of the humanitarian agencies want to achieve them for our beneficieries or in the name of people safety and welfare.

As time goes by and I have the opportunity to extend my network and socialize with different groups, I realize that person, is not the only deviant that exist in humanitarian sector, many people are considered as the new players begin to destruct the humanitarian system and even violate the code of conduct, for instance gaining members support to support the existing party with hidden for the sake of improving the government political concern in one of development sector initiatives. For some people who came from local community development root, where they build their career from a very lower level, it does really frustating and somehow immediate change your perception about the means of humanitarianism. If we look into the definition of humanitarianism, as I quote "it is an ethic of kindness, benevolance and sympathy extended universally and imparsially to all human beings", which by all means that these acts should be applied by all humanitarian actors, include workers and practitioners without questioning about what would they get as in return. 

Universally, the humanitarianism began in between 18 to 19 centuries, when it main objectives were to improve the condition of labor and protection againts slavery, also to provide medical services for the wounded soldiers and people who were affected by war. These objectives were then developed to put more attention to development issues and social welfare, such as poverty, food insecurity, education, water and sanitation, and disasters. Moreover, humanitarian was  no longer government business instead it becomes everyone business. Starting from the establishment of  Red Cross to Voluntary Movement, more people engage and contribute in improving the work of humanitarian sector.Historical record shows that at least there were 9 global events that shaped humanitarian sector, which were: The Battle of Solferino (1859), The World War II (1945), The Biafran Airlift (1967), The Euthopian Famine and Sudanese War (1983), The Rwanda Genocide (1994), The Canal Hotel Bombing (2003), The Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004), and The Haiti Earthquake (2010). Within these period of time, the first 3 humanitarian agencies established; Red Cross, CARE, and MSF, which then triggered the establishment of other humanitariab agencies.

By understanding the basic concept of humanitarianism and its historical timeline above, humanitarian agencies began to establish across the countries all around the world, particularly in Europe in order to deliver the humanitarian service accordingly and for better management of the aid relief itself. Some agencies are born through volunteering group of people that gather their money and provide social servica based on each of individual capacity, skill and knowledge. Other agencies came from a philantrophy group or charity foundation.In those days, we hardly recognize the people as humanitarian workers or practitioners or even professionals. Most of them consider them as volunteers or social or charity workers, some of the humanitarian actors pioneer, such as Henry Dunant, Florence Nightingale, and Mahatma Gandhi.these are referring to persons who are freely take part in organization to do some tasks without paid. In someways, the concept of humanitarian worker is shifted when organizationsrt to offer them some fees for their meals and transportation.

Due to the high demand for volunteers or social or charity workers and limited number of people that were able to share their time for social humanitarian activities due to their priorities of works and occupations, the organizations began to  look for fully committed personel that enable to spend most of their time to deliver the social services and the organization's asks to meet with the output that was identified at that time was to serve more people or target groups, by alleviating their suffering and fulfilling their basic needs and protecting their rights.Right now, humanitarian workers are easy to find across the countries, yet not all have a good qualification and morality as humanitarian actors or practitioners. Some of them work for helping others and passionate with the concept of humanity and voluntarism, and most of them only work to pursue the high salary, good image and chances to travel around countries. If people ask to me, what would be the qualifications that are required by someone to work as humanitarian workers? I would say; sincerity, passion, honesty, and commitment. By sincere in doing the humanitarian works, all burden and obstacle can be managed. Through our passion, we can trigger others to do kindness. Honesty can set us as an example to others to avoid potential crimes, and commitment can be our strength in receiving supports from others.


As I have worked with many people across agencies, I notice that some people in humanitarian sector have lost their moral and humanity, I have heard many of them complaining about their salary, benefit and feeling insecure with their contract work. I understand that they earn their living by working in humanitarian organizations or agencies, like myself, but still it is not a justification for them to be greedy, cheat or imposter. If only they realize that what they are doing by helping others is a noble and graceful thing to do for the sake of humanity. Eventually God will protects them and their family and ahow them the way to goodness, without no more complaining regarding to their works. Hence, I remember in St Angela Merici'footsteps " Take a look around you. Instead of just driving or walking without paying attention today, open your eyes to the needs you see along the way. What people do you notice who need help but who are not being helped?what are their true needs?make a commitment to help them in some way". In the end, I hope for those humanitarian workers out there to have more dignity to their self and people that they assist, without selling the misery, tears and suffers of these people for their own benefit.


Saturday 8 February 2014

Flood Management in Urban City of DKI Jakarta


Flood Management in Urban City of DKI Jakarta
By Yuniarti Wahyuningtiyas

I start to write this article when Jakarta is hit with another flood early this year 2014. I had a hint that there will be another flooding happen in this city and i have given my prediction since early December 2013, but surely at that time, most people were uncertainty that there would not be another flooding happened within series of years. Furthermore,  I have written several articles on Flood Management since most of my work experiences were focusing on flood, as I was also one of the certified practitioners on flood management from WMO (World Metereology Organization). In order to understand the flood that continously happens in Jakarta I would elaborate some explanations on the causes of the flood in this area.

Flood Causes in DKI Jakarta Province
DKI Jakarta is one of disaster province in Indonesia. It is well known for its multi hazards, include: flood, fire, and earthquake. Yet, above all, flood is the utmost frequent hazard that ever happened in this province, especially during the rainy season. There are two main causes of this hazards, as following:
a. Nature Factors
There are several nature factors that underly the cause of flood in DKI Jakarta, these include:
1. Nearly half of DKI Jakarta Province or around 40% froom the whole area, which is 650Km², 24.000Ha among them are considered as low lands, for instance areas in North Jakarta;  Sungai Bambu, Papanggo, Warakas, etc, in which the ground level is lower the sea level. ± 9.000Ha have already well managed by the Provincial government of DKI Jakarta
2.  DKI Jakarta Province is streamed by 13 rivers, include: Cakung, Jati Kramat, Buaran, Sunter, Cipinang, Baru Timur, Ciliwung, Baru Barat, Krukut, Grogol, Pesanggrahan, Angke, and Mookervart. All of these rivers are the primary channel that patch the water flow from the secondary channel/city drainageyh system
3. DKI Jakarta area contour that is not supporting the drainage system that even the water flow, so it often causes inundate, and even flood during the rainy season, particularly in West, North, and East Jakarta, since the water is not able to flow gravitate.
b. Human Factors
human factors are also considered as the triggered causes of flood. In Jakarta, the human factors that contribute in resulting the hazard, include:
1. Lack of community discipline, caused by:
- Illegal settlements that are built along the rivers, which effected the rivers become narrow
- Lack of people awareness on waste management, in which they often throw rubbish into the rivers and make the rivers narrow and hindering the water flows.
2. Physical development that is growing fast in Jakarta and Bogor that cause the water streaming is bigger than the water reservoir, and altso the lands that have been built by buildings and concrete.
3. Land subsidence, particularly in north part of DKI Jakarta, due to major excess of resource and industrial activities ongoing.

Government Policy in Flood Management
In regards to the flood management policy and program in DKI Jakarta, Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta through its Governor Decree No 96 Year 2002, set up a Disaster Management and IDPs Organization and Framework, this Organization known as Satkorlak DKI Jakarta (Disaster Management and IDPs Coordination Agency). Following the establishment of this Agency, the authorized Governor at that time, issues the Governor Decree No 1230 Year 2002 that stated DM SOP of DKI Jakarta Province. Based on the SOP, the appointed Agency that is taking the responsible in carries out this procedure is Satkorlak PBP DKI Jakarta. This Agency is consisted of provincial government organizations and civil societies, under supervise of Governor of DKI Jakarta, in which the Daily Chairman is the Province Secretary. The Decree also mentions the structure of DM Agency in lower level; include Municipal/City, District, and Sub-district. Meanwhile for DM Agency in Village level is arranged based on Decree No 96 Year 2003.
            Due to reformation in the DKI Jakarta provincial government bodies, the role of disaster management was handed over from Satkorlak PBP to Provincial Fire Brigade in 2009, based on Provincial Regulation (PERDA) Number 10 Year 2008. Yet, this status only lasted for a year, which then in 2010, the provincial government set up Provincial BPBD or Region Disaster Management Agency which is appointed directly to handle and manage the work and progress on disaster management in DKI Jakarta, following the establishment of the same body in other provinces throughout the regions.
            
Shifting Response to Preparedness-Mitigation
As disaster prone areas and high risks affected, communities of DKI Jakarta have suffered from multi disasters for many years, particularly them who live in densely populated area, whereas many socio-economic problems are existed. Based on data from DM Post of Department of Public Work, for period 2005-2006 (per 31 December 2006), there were 9 disaster events (4 whirlwinds, 3 floods, 1 landslide, and 1 earthquake) occurred in DKI Jakarta. The effects were: 3 people died, 1210 IDPs, 500 houses inundated, 13 houses collapsed and 75 dykes damaged. Meanwhile, the facts gathered from Bakornas PBP (now BNPB) and Bappenas (National Development Planning Agency) describe that at least there were 39 flood events occured within last 7 years past, with the recent flood in 2007 was as greatest as the ones that happened on 1621, 1654, 1918, 1942, 1976, 1996, and 2002. 
The flood event that occured in 2007 inudated nearly 70% of the total areas in Jakarta with water level height reach 20 to 500 cm. The impact of this disaster has affected 80 people died and material loss IDR 5,16 trilion. As for the flood that happened in 2013, it affected 90,582 people (23,675 HH) and inundated 186 villages. Meanwhile for the current flood that happened early this year, has affected 134,662 people (38,672 HH) and inundated 100 villages. Based on the significant number of losses, casualties, and damages, shows that even a megacity such as DKI Jakarta is still weak in term of the government capacities in respond to disasters. Yet, some activities in Provincial level show some improvement of government preparedness, and also increasing of communities’ awareness on disasters, particularly flood.
Nevertheless, the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government has started to improve its preparedness and community awareness through its program. One of its example is by organizing an annual event of Disaster Awareness Week, an event that consists of exhibition, simulation, workshop and training related to known disasters in this Province, include: fire, conflict, flood, and earthquake. This event has been held at least 4 times within last 4 years. Although it considers as a great event, only a few civil society, include NGOs and Private Sectors that know or participate in this occasion due to lack of information that is not well informed by the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta. The main target of this event itself is the government agencies in Municipal/City, includes: PMI (Indonesian Red Cross), Armed Force, Police Department, Fire Brigade, and few NGOs and Private Sectors that are close relation to the Provincial Government.
Other flood management program that is developed by the provincial government is the development of East and West Canal Flood. This is a major structural mitigation project that is believed can solve the problem on flood in Jakarta. This project has been developed by DKI Jakarta Government that led by the Ministry of Public Works since years ago, in 1973 to be exactly. This blue print of the masterplan for drainage and flood control was developed by a Netherland Engineering Consultant, NEDECO that is a close partner of the Ministry of Public Works that have been hired several times to conduct various studies related to flood and drainage system.
The Master Plan for Flood and Drainage System that was produced in 1973 outline several points, as following:
1. The interception of flood flows from all rivers before entering lowland areas by two floodways, the Western Canal Floodway to intercept the flood flows from Krukut, Cideng, Ciliwung, Grogol, Sekretaris, and Angke Rivers. Meanwhile for the East Canal Floodway, it was aimed to intercept all other remaining rivers (Cipinang, Sunter, Buaran, Jatikramat and Cakung). The floodways were planned to contain 100-year floods, i.e. 290-525 m3/sec for the Western Floodway and 101-340 m3/sec for the Eastern Floodway.  
2. The areas that are located downstream of these  two floodways were divided into six drainage zones covering about 240 km2. Most of the land (about 150 km2) with elevation of less than 2 metres was considered as polders, and the rest treated as gravity drainage areas. 
3. The Pumps and reservoirs would release flood water from the polders. The existing old river channels were considered as primary drainage, and designed to contain 25-year floods.  
Following the development of this master plan, there are some problems that need to be solved to improve the flood management as well in supporting the successfull of the  implementation of this plan, these include:
1. Spatial Planning
The issue on Spatial Planning, mainly consist of the limitation of the availability of green areas due to the rapid growing of infrastructure development. This might be the impact from the weak of building regulation which is inconsistent with the government development blue print. Other issue is on the construction of the flood barriers in the urban setting to reduce the impact of flooding in the community settlement around floodplain.
2. Urban Drainage System
In the context of urban drainage system, there are some elements that influence the effectiveness of it, such as law enforcement of the forest regulation in order to minimize deforestation in the upperstream area in Bogor that unable to control the flood flows to downstream of Jakarta,  river basin management which is protection, improvement and sustainable use of the water environment, includes surface freshwaters (lakes, streams and rivers), groundwater, and ecosystem (wetland, estuaries and coastal water), watershed design which include design of drainage from supply, runoff to utilization, solid dumping that caused by human behavior due to lack of awareness on managing waste that caused sedimentation on river, institutional regulation that managing them itself and flood protection standard.
3. Land Subsidence
As for the Land Subsidence, it is one of the major factor that becomes the challenge in managing flood in Jakarta. This factor is influenced by urbanization rate that increases due to economic opportunity in the city and enforcement of ground water due to increasing of water demand and use.
4. Sea Rise
Several factors that make sea rise as part of the challenge for the flood management, are because of the lunar, cycle and tide
5. Institutional
Institutional cause that might also influence the effectiveness of the flood management, such as lack of enforcement of groundwater, building coverage, solid waste collection, insufficient funding, lack of coordination.
6. Governance
In term of governance, we ought to see on the overall aspects, from policy to government officials that are appointed and responsible in managing the flood, this might include BPBD and other officials at province and also national level.
As conclusion of this article, the flood management in Jakarta is not a simple task that can be done within 5 or 10 years from now. As based on historical background, it takes more than 4 decades to build the flood plan itself. Even if the plan is implemented and executed, it will take another decades to maintain the flood control and management. The government as the main actor play significant role in ensuring the flood is well managed and all above challenges can be handled accordingly. Therefore there are 4 aspects that need to be put as priority to fulfill the flood management plan, these include managing the environmental, enforce the legal and institutional, and improving social and economic aspect of the flood. Source of information: APFM, NEDECO and other official resources of information